Introduction to Electrical Generation System 2024

Introduction to Electrical Generation System

Diploma Electrical Engineering 2nd Year 3rd Semester

Paper Solve

2024




Group A

1. Answer the following questions (any ten):

a) What is a power plant?

  • Options:
    i) Industrial facility that uses primary energy to generate electricity ✅
    ii) Industrial facility that uses secondary energy to mechanical energy
    iii) Industrial facility that uses primary energy to generate mechanical energy
    iv) Industrial facility that uses secondary energy to generate electricity

  • Explanation: A power plant converts primary energy (coal, gas, water) into electrical energy, making option i correct.

b) Which of the following is a type of power plant?

  • Options:
    i) Thermal Power Plant
    ii) Nuclear Power Plant
    iii) Hydropower Plant
    iv) All of the mentioned ✅

  • Explanation: Major types of power plants include thermal, nuclear, and hydropower plants. Hence, option iv is correct.

c) What is a hydropower plant?

  • Options:
    i) Mechanical energy from stagnant water currents
    ii) Electrical energy from moving water currents
    iii) Potential energy from water currents
    iv) All of the above ✅

  • Explanation: Hydropower plants utilize all forms of energy from water currents. Thus, option iv is correct.

d) Which is the cheapest plant in operation & maintenance?

  • Options:
    i) Thermal Power Plant
    ii) Nuclear Power Plant
    iii) Hydropower Plant ✅
    iv) All of the above

  • Explanation: Hydropower plants are cost-effective as they use free flowing water and require minimal operational costs.

e) Which of the following are the components of a Stream Power Plant?

  • Options:
    i) Boiler, Turbine, Condenser, Pump
    ii) Boiler, Turbine, Pump, Evaporation Valve ✅
    iii) Evaporator, Condenser, Boiler, Turbine
    iv) Evaporator, Condenser, Boiler, Evaporation Valve

  • Explanation: A stream power plant uses components like Boiler, Turbine, Pump, and Evaporation Valve.

f) Where was India’s first nuclear power plant installed at?

  • Options:
    i) Obninsk
    ii) Tarapur, Maharashtra ✅
    iii) Boisar, Maharashtra
    iv) None of the above

  • Explanation: India’s first nuclear power plant was established at Tarapur in Maharashtra.

g) Which of the following is also known as coal used in power plants?

  • Options:
    i) Coke
    ii) Soft coal
    iii) Charcoal
    iv) Steam coal ✅

  • Explanation: Steam coal, also called thermal coal, is commonly used in power plants.

h) The net change in internal energy in a steam power plant is?

  • Options:
    i) Zero ✅
    ii) Positive
    iii) Negative
    iv) None of the above

  • Explanation: In cyclic processes like in steam power plants, the net change in internal energy is zero.

i) Which of the following contributes to the improvement of Rankine Cycle efficiency?

  • Options:
    i) Use of high measures
    ii) Reheating of steam at intermediate stage
    iii) Regeneration use of steam for heating Boiler feed water
    iv) All of the above ✅

  • Explanation: All the measures mentioned enhance Rankine cycle efficiency.

j) The overall efficiency of a power plant is given by:

  • Options:
    i) 3600/AP
    ii) 3600/NPHR
    iii) 3600/HHV
    iv) 3600/NT0 ✅

  • Explanation: Efficiency calculation often involves 3600 divided by NT0 (Net Plant Heat Rate).

k) Which is an important measure of performance in a power plant?

  • Options:
    i) NTO
    ii) HHV
    iii) AP
    iv) NPHR ✅

  • Explanation: Net Plant Heat Rate (NPHR) measures the energy efficiency of power plants.

l) Why is the deaerator not employed in water-cooled nuclear plants?

  • Options:
    i) Due to regeneration
    ii) Due to reheating
    iii) Due to radioactivity release ✅
    iv) Due to emissivity of degeneration

  • Explanation: In nuclear plants, radioactivity release prevents deaerator usage.

m) Maximum moisture allowed at turbine exhaust in steam plants?

  • Options:
    i) 15% ✅
    ii) 30%
    iii) 40%
    iv) 50%

  • Explanation: Moisture content in steam turbines is limited to 15% to prevent damage.

n) Efficiency of a power plant is more in summer or winter?

  • Options:
    i) Same in both
    ii) Depends on the variation ✅
    iii) Supercritical steam
    iv) Superheated steam

  • Explanation: Plant efficiency depends on external temperature variations.

o) Diesel plants are mainly used as:

  • Options:
    i) Peak load plants
    ii) Base load plants
    iii) Standby power plants
    iv) Both peak and standby plants ✅

  • Explanation: Diesel plants are flexible, used for peak loads and as standby sources.

Group B

2. Describe various components of a Thermal Power Plant with a block diagram. (3+5 = 8 Marks)

Answer:
A Thermal Power Plant (TPP) is a facility where heat energy is converted into electrical energy using steam turbines powered by heat from burning fuel (such as coal, oil, or natural gas). Here’s an explanation of the key components in a typical thermal power plant, along with a block diagram description.

Key Components of a Thermal Power Plant:

  1. Boiler (Steam Generator):

    • Function: The boiler is used to heat water and convert it into steam by using heat energy from burning fuel (coal, oil, gas, etc.).
    • Components: Furnace, economizer, air preheater, superheater, and water walls.
    • Process: Fuel is burned in the furnace, and the heat produced is transferred to the water in the boiler to create steam. This steam is then sent to the turbine.

  2. Turbine:

    • Function: The steam produced in the boiler is passed through the turbine, where it expands, causing the turbine blades to rotate.
    • Components: Steam nozzles, turbine blades, shaft.
    • Process: The mechanical energy generated by the steam turbine's rotation is used to drive a generator to produce electricity.

  3. Generator:

    • Function: The generator is connected to the turbine shaft. As the turbine rotates, the generator produces electrical energy.
    • Process: The mechanical energy from the turbine is converted into electrical energy using electromagnetic induction.

  4. Condenser:

    • Function: The condenser is used to condense the exhaust steam from the turbine back into water.
    • Process: The exhaust steam passes through a heat exchanger in the condenser, where cold water (from a cooling tower or a nearby water source) absorbs the heat, turning the steam back into water.

  5. Cooling Tower:

    • Function: To remove heat from the condenser’s cooling water.
    • Process: The cooling tower releases the heat into the atmosphere by evaporating some of the water, thus cooling the remaining water, which is then recirculated back to the condenser.

  6. Feedwater Pump:

    • Function: The feedwater pump supplies water to the boiler from the condenser after it has been cooled.
    • Process: This pump increases the pressure of the water so it can be sent to the boiler for reheating.

  7. Ash Handling System:

    • Function: It is used to manage and dispose of the ash produced by burning fuel.
    • Process: Ash is collected from the furnace and disposed of properly through mechanical and hydraulic systems.

  8. Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) or Scrubber:

    • Function: These are air pollution control devices used to remove particulate matter and gases from the flue gas emitted by the boiler.
    • Process: An electrostatic field is created to collect particles like ash, and scrubbers use water to remove gases such as sulfur dioxide.

  9. Coal or Fuel Handling System:

    • Function: This system is used to transport fuel (like coal) to the boiler and manage its storage.
    • Process: Includes conveyors, crushers, and feeders for the proper handling of fuel.

Block Diagram:



3. Why is the Hydel Power Plant environmentally friendly and efficient? What is the requirement of Forebay? (5+3 = 8 Marks)

Answer:

Hydel Power Plant: Environmentally Friendly & Efficient

Hydel (Hydroelectric) power plants generate electricity using water energy and are considered one of the cleanest sources of power.

1. Environmentally Friendly:

  • No Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Unlike thermal or gas power plants, hydroelectric plants do not emit greenhouse gases like CO₂, making them eco-friendly.
  • Renewable Source: Water is a renewable resource and can be reused without depletion.
  • No Air Pollution: There is no combustion of fuel, hence no pollutants are released into the atmosphere.
  • Low Operating Costs: Hydropower plants have lower operational and maintenance costs compared to other plants.

2. Efficiency:

  • High Energy Conversion: Hydel power plants convert the potential energy of water into electricity with an efficiency rate of about 85–90%.
  • Flexible Operation: It allows for quick start-up and shutdown, adapting to peak and off-peak electricity demands.
  • Long Operational Life: Hydropower plants can function efficiently for decades if maintained properly.

Requirement of Forebay:

The forebay is an essential component in a hydropower plant. It acts as a water storage reservoir before the water enters the penstock.

  1. Function of Forebay:

    • Acts as a regulating reservoir that temporarily stores water during varying load demands.
    • Balances sudden fluctuations in water flow to maintain a steady supply.

  2. Key Features:

    • Helps in separating debris and sediments to ensure clean water enters the turbines.
    • Maintains proper pressure and ensures a smooth flow of water through the penstock.

  3. Location:

    • It is located between the intake structure and penstock at the beginning of the powerhouse.

4. Classify Nuclear Reactors and briefly describe them. (3+5 = 8 Marks)

Answer:

Nuclear reactors can be classified based on various factors such as their design, fuel type, and the type of coolant used. Here are the main classifications of nuclear reactors:

1. Based on Fuel Type:

  • Uranium-based Reactors:
    • These reactors use uranium, typically uranium-235, as fuel. This is the most common fuel used in nuclear power generation.
  • Thorium-based Reactors:
    • These reactors use thorium (typically thorium-232) as fuel. Thorium reactors are being researched as a potentially safer and more sustainable option compared to uranium-based reactors.

2. Based on Coolant Type:

  • Water-cooled Reactors:

    • These reactors use water as both a coolant and a moderator. There are two main subtypes:
      • Light Water Reactors (LWR):
        • These are the most common type of nuclear reactor worldwide. They use ordinary water (light water) as both the coolant and moderator.
        • Subtypes:
          • Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR): In PWRs, the water is kept under high pressure, preventing it from boiling. The heated water from the reactor core transfers heat to a secondary circuit, which generates steam for the turbine.
          • Boiling Water Reactors (BWR): In BWRs, the water boils directly in the reactor vessel, and the generated steam is used to drive the turbine.

  • Gas-cooled Reactors:

    • These reactors use gas (often carbon dioxide or helium) as the coolant. The gas is circulated through the reactor to carry away the heat produced in the core.
    • Example:
      • Advanced Gas-cooled Reactors (AGR): AGRs use carbon dioxide as coolant and graphite as a moderator.

  • Liquid Metal-cooled Reactors:

    • These reactors use liquid metals (like sodium or lead) as the coolant. Liquid metals are effective at transferring heat and allow for higher operating temperatures.
    • Example:
      • Sodium-cooled Fast Reactors (SFR): These reactors use sodium as the coolant and are designed to be fast breeders, meaning they can produce more fuel than they consume.

3. Based on Reactor Design:

  • Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR):

    • Description: A PWR is a type of light water reactor where the water is kept under high pressure to prevent it from boiling. The heated water from the core is passed through a heat exchanger to produce steam for a turbine generator.
    • Application: Common in commercial power plants worldwide.

  • Boiling Water Reactor (BWR):

    • Description: In a BWR, the reactor’s coolant water boils directly within the reactor vessel. The steam is then passed to a turbine to generate electricity.
    • Application: Used in several nuclear plants, particularly in the United States.

  • Heavy Water Reactor (HWR):

    • Description: These reactors use heavy water (deuterium oxide, D2O) as both a moderator and coolant. Heavy water is more efficient in slowing down neutrons, making it possible to use natural uranium as fuel.
    • Example:
      • CANDU (Canada Deuterium Uranium) Reactor: A type of HWR that is capable of using natural uranium without the need for enrichment.

  • Gas-cooled Reactor (GCR):

    • Description: Uses graphite as a moderator and carbon dioxide or helium as a coolant. These reactors are capable of achieving high temperatures, suitable for industrial applications like hydrogen production.
    • Example:
      • Magnox Reactor: A type of early gas-cooled reactor that used natural uranium and a graphite moderator.

  • Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR):

    • Description: These reactors are designed to generate more fissile material than they consume. They use fast neutrons (without a moderator) to convert fertile material, such as uranium-238 or thorium, into fissile material (e.g., plutonium-239).
    • Example:
      • Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR): A fast breeder reactor that uses sodium as a coolant to allow the reactor to operate at higher temperatures and efficiencies.

  • Molten Salt Reactor (MSR):

    • Description: In an MSR, the nuclear fuel is dissolved in a molten salt, which serves as both the coolant and the medium for fuel. These reactors operate at higher temperatures and lower pressures than traditional reactors, and the design is seen as potentially safer.
    • Example:
      • Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor (LFTR): A type of MSR that uses thorium as the fuel.

  • High-Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR):

    • Description: This reactor uses helium as a coolant and graphite as a moderator. It is designed to operate at very high temperatures, making it suitable for hydrogen production and other industrial processes in addition to power generation.
    • Example:
      • Pebble Bed Reactor (PBR): A design in which fuel is contained in small, spherical pebbles, allowing for higher thermal efficiency.

4. Based on Nuclear Fuel Cycle:

  • Open Cycle Reactors:
    • These reactors operate on a once-through fuel cycle, meaning the nuclear fuel is used once and then discarded.
  • Closed Cycle Reactors:
    • In these reactors, the spent nuclear fuel is reprocessed and reused. They are designed to be more sustainable and reduce nuclear waste.

Summary of Major Types of Nuclear Reactors:

Type Fuel Moderator Coolant Key Feature
Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) Uranium (U-235) Water Water (Pressurized) Most common reactor design worldwide
Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) Uranium (U-235) Water Water (Boiling) Direct steam generation for turbine
CANDU Reactor Uranium (Natural) Heavy Water (D2O) Heavy Water (D2O) Uses natural uranium, heavy water as both coolant and moderator
Sodium-cooled Fast Reactor (SFR) Uranium or Plutonium None Liquid Sodium Fast breeder reactor, produces more fuel than it consumes
Molten Salt Reactor (MSR) Thorium or Uranium None Molten Salt High-temperature operation, potential for safer designs
High-Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor (HTGR) Uranium (U-235) Graphite Helium High temperature for industrial uses like hydrogen production

Each type of nuclear reactor has its own advantages and challenges. The choice of reactor depends on factors such as fuel availability, safety, waste management, and the desired thermal efficiency.

5. Write the merits and demerits of a GPP. Draw a DPP. (5+3 = 8 Marks)

Answer:

Merits and Demerits of a Gas Power Plant (GPP)

A Gas Power Plant (GPP) is a type of power generation facility that uses natural gas as the primary fuel to produce electricity. These plants generally have gas turbines or combined cycle systems (which include both gas and steam turbines). Here's a detailed overview of the merits and demerits of GPPs:

Merits of a Gas Power Plant (GPP):

  1. High Efficiency (especially in Combined Cycle Plants):

    • Combined cycle plants (which use both gas and steam turbines) can achieve efficiencies of 60% or more, significantly higher than traditional coal-fired plants (which typically have efficiencies of 35-40%).

  2. Lower Carbon Emissions:

    • Gas plants emit less CO₂ compared to coal-fired power plants, making them more environmentally friendly. Natural gas combustion produces about 50-60% fewer CO₂ emissions than coal.

  3. Faster Start-up Time:

    • Gas power plants can start up much faster than coal plants. A gas turbine can reach full power within 10-15 minutes, whereas a coal plant might take several hours.

  4. Flexible Operation:

    • GPPs can be used for both base load and peaking power generation. They can quickly adjust to fluctuations in power demand, making them ideal for complementing renewable energy sources like wind or solar, which are intermittent.

  5. Lower Operational Costs:

    • Gas power plants generally have lower fuel costs and maintenance costs compared to coal-fired plants. Gas is cheaper and more abundant in many regions, especially with the advent of shale gas.

  6. Compact Size and Modular Design:

    • Gas turbines are generally more compact and modular, which means they require less space compared to coal plants. This can lead to lower capital investment in construction.

  7. Better for Grid Stability:

    • Due to their fast response time, GPPs are particularly well-suited for maintaining grid stability, especially when there are sudden changes in power demand or fluctuations from renewable sources.

Demerits of a Gas Power Plant (GPP):

  1. Dependence on Fuel Availability:

    • GPPs rely on natural gas, which can be subject to price fluctuations and supply disruptions. The availability of natural gas also depends on local or global markets and geopolitical factors.

  2. Higher Fuel Cost (Compared to Coal):

    • Natural gas is generally more expensive than coal on a per-unit energy basis, which can make GPPs more expensive to operate during periods of high gas prices.

  3. Greenhouse Gas Emissions:

    • While gas power plants emit less CO₂ compared to coal, they still produce significant amounts of CO₂. They also release methane, a potent greenhouse gas, during extraction and transportation.

  4. Water Usage for Cooling:

    • Like most thermal plants, GPPs use significant amounts of water for cooling, which can be a limitation in regions with water scarcity or for environmentally sensitive areas.

  5. Noise Pollution:

    • Gas turbines can generate considerable noise during operation, which may be an issue for plants located near residential areas or in regions with noise regulation constraints.

  6. Limited Fuel Flexibility:

    • Gas power plants are specifically designed to run on natural gas. While some turbines can operate on a range of fuels, switching to other fuels (e.g., oil or coal) may require modifications to the plant.

  7. Infrastructure Cost:

    • While the operational costs are lower, the initial infrastructure for natural gas transportation (such as pipelines) and the installation of gas turbines can still be expensive.

Block Diagram of a Gas Power Plant (GPP):

Here is a simplified block diagram for a typical Gas Power Plant (GPP) using a Gas Turbine:

         +-------------------+                  +--------------------+
         |   Gas Supply      |                  |   Electrical Grid  |
         |    System          |----------------->|                    |
         +-------------------+                  +--------------------+
                   |
                   v
          +-----------------+
          |  Compressor     |    (Air is compressed and fed into the combustion chamber)
          +-----------------+
                   |
                   v
          +-------------------+
          |  Combustion       |   (Fuel (natural gas) and compressed air are mixed and ignited)
          |  Chamber          |
          +-------------------+
                   |
                   v
          +-------------------+    (Hot gases from combustion drive the turbine)
          |  Gas Turbine      |
          +-------------------+
                   |
                   v
          +-------------------+    (Mechanical energy from the turbine is converted to electricity)
          |  Generator        |
          +-------------------+
                   |
                   v
          +-------------------+    (Exhaust gases can be used for further energy recovery)
          |  Exhaust Heat     |
          |  Recovery/        |
          |  Waste Heat       |
          +-------------------+
                   |
                   v
          +-------------------+   (If it's a Combined Cycle Plant, it uses steam to drive a second turbine)
          |  Steam Generator  |  
          +-------------------+
                   |
                   v
          +-------------------+
          |  Steam Turbine    |
          +-------------------+
                   |
                   v
          +-------------------+
          |  Electrical Grid  |
          +-------------------+

Explanation of the Block Diagram:

  1. Gas Supply System: Provides natural gas to the combustion chamber.
  2. Compressor: Compresses the incoming air to increase pressure before it enters the combustion chamber.
  3. Combustion Chamber: The natural gas is burned in the presence of compressed air to produce hot gases.
  4. Gas Turbine: The hot gases expand through the turbine, causing it to spin and generate mechanical power.
  5. Generator: Converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy.
  6. Exhaust Heat Recovery: In Combined Cycle plants, the exhaust gases are used to produce steam for a second turbine, improving efficiency.
  7. Steam Turbine: In Combined Cycle plants, steam is used to drive a steam turbine, further generating power.

This block diagram represents the general process in a simple gas power plant. Combined cycle plants can be included by adding the steam turbine and heat recovery components for higher efficiency.

6.  Write short note on the followings: Nuclear Fission, b) Diesel Engine. (4+4 = 8 Marks)

Answer:

a) Nuclear Fission:

Nuclear fission is the process in which the nucleus of a heavy atom, such as uranium-235 or plutonium-239, splits into two smaller nuclei, along with a few neutrons and a large amount of energy. This energy is released in the form of heat, which is then used to produce steam and generate electricity. Fission reactions are initiated when the nucleus of an atom absorbs a neutron and becomes unstable. The released neutrons can further trigger a chain reaction, sustaining the process. This chain reaction is controlled in nuclear reactors using materials like control rods, which absorb excess neutrons.

b) Diesel Engine:

A diesel engine is an internal combustion engine that uses diesel fuel to operate. Diesel engines are commonly used for vehicles, generators, and other machinery. In this engine, air is compressed to a high pressure and temperature, causing the fuel to ignite when injected into the combustion chamber. Unlike gasoline engines, which use spark plugs for ignition, diesel engines rely on compression ignition. They are known for their fuel efficiency and are often used in applications where high torque and reliability are essential. Diesel engines are used in transportation, heavy machinery, and backup power generation.

7) Which Gas is used in GCR& Why? Briefly describe about ROBAX.( 3+5)

a) Gas Used in GCR (Gas-Cooled Reactor):

In a Gas-Cooled Reactor (GCR), carbon dioxide (CO2) is typically used as the coolant. CO2 is chosen because it has a low neutron absorption cross-section and can operate at high temperatures. Additionally, it does not chemically react with graphite or uranium, which are commonly used as moderators and fuel in these reactors. The ability of CO2 to transfer heat efficiently while remaining chemically inert makes it an ideal coolant for GCRs.

b) ROBAX:

ROBAX is a brand name for a high-performance, heat-resistant glass ceramic used in various applications, including as a viewing window in gas fireplaces, stoves, and other heating appliances. It is specifically designed to withstand high temperatures while being transparent to allow users to see the flames or the combustion process. The material is highly resistant to thermal shock, making it safe and durable for use in environments where temperature fluctuations occur frequently. ROBAX is typically made from a special type of glass ceramic that combines strength, heat resistance, and transparency.

8) Compare between Thermal, Hydel & Nuclear Power Plant. Shortly describe about the cooling System of Gas Power Plant. (5+3)

Criteria Thermal Power Plant Hydel Power Plant Nuclear Power Plant
Fuel Source Coal, oil, or natural gas Water (Hydropower) Uranium or plutonium
Efficiency Moderate (35-40%) High (80-90% efficiency) High (around 33-37%)
Environmental Impact High CO2 emissions Minimal emissions Low CO2, but radioactive waste
Construction Time Long (5-7 years) Long (5-6 years) Very long (7-10 years)
Operational Cost Medium to high Low operational cost High due to safety and waste management
Power Output Can vary (depends on plant size) High (depends on river flow) High (usually in the range of 1000 MW)
Reliability Reliable, but fuel-dependent Dependent on water availability Reliable, but affected by safety concerns

Cooling System in Gas Power Plant:

The cooling system of a Gas Power Plant typically uses air or water to cool the exhaust gases from the turbine and the steam in a combined-cycle system. The two primary methods used for cooling are:

  1. Water Cooling: This method uses a large body of water (like a river, lake, or ocean) to absorb the heat from the plant. Water is passed through a heat exchanger, where it cools down the exhaust gases or steam. The heated water is then returned to the source.

  2. Air Cooling: In some plants, especially in areas where water is scarce, air is used for cooling. Air-cooled condensers are used to remove heat from the exhaust gases by using ambient air. These systems are more energy-intensive but are useful in dry areas.

9) As per your home location choose a suitable mini power plant & briefly discuss about the reasons for your selection. (2+6)

Considering that your location is in West Bengal, a suitable choice for a mini power plant would be a Thermal Power Plant, specifically one utilizing coal as the primary fuel. Here’s why a thermal power plant would be a viable option for your area:

Reasons for Choosing a Thermal Power Plant in West Bengal:

  1. Availability of Coal:

    • West Bengal has rich coal reserves, particularly in regions like Jharia and Raniganj, which makes coal easily accessible for thermal power plants. This reduces transportation costs and ensures a steady and reliable supply of fuel for the plant.

  2. Access to Water Sources:

    • The state has an abundant supply of water from rivers like the Hooghly and Damodar, as well as several reservoirs. Water is essential for cooling purposes in thermal power plants, and West Bengal’s water resources provide an advantage for setting up and operating a thermal power plant efficiently.

  3. Established Infrastructure:

    • West Bengal has a well-developed infrastructure for coal transportation, including railways and roads, which ensures the smooth delivery of coal to the power plant. The state’s existing energy infrastructure, including power grids and electrical systems, also supports the integration of power generated from a thermal plant.

  4. Steady Power Demand:

    • With urban areas like Kolkata and surrounding industries in West Bengal, the demand for power is relatively high. A thermal power plant can cater to this demand reliably, as it can operate continuously, providing a stable base load of electricity.

  5. Government Support:

    • The West Bengal government has been supportive of industrial growth, including energy generation. Additionally, there are existing thermal power plants in the region (e.g., Santaldih, Bakreswar, and Kolaghat), indicating that the region is already accustomed to the operations of thermal power plants.

  6. Reliability and Scalability:

    • Thermal power plants offer consistent and predictable energy output, which is essential for meeting base load demand. Furthermore, a small-scale thermal power plant can be set up and gradually scaled up based on increasing demand, making it a flexible choice for long-term energy generation.

  7. Economic Feasibility:

    • Given the easy access to coal, the established infrastructure, and the available water resources, a thermal power plant can be economically viable. The cost of setting up such a plant is justified by the low operational costs due to local resources.

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